On completion of this course, participants will be able to: 1)perform vasectomy, Lords and Jaboulay repair of hydrocele. 2)describe the principles of inguinal hernia repair (open and laparoscopic). 3)describe the theory, principles and practice of renal and prostste ultrasound. 4)describe the theory, principles and practice of urodynamics, and perform and interpret simple urodynamics under supervision.